Eiffel Tower, France

Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel, / tuʀ ɛfɛl /) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars on the banks of the River Seine in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and one of the world famous structure. 300-meter-tall tower was built in 1889 for the International Exposition, a symbol of the City of Paris. Tallest structure in Paris is made of wrought iron was established in the past two years and demonstrate the progress of construction techniques.

Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris and one of the world famous structure. More than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 people in 2006, making it a monument to cost the most visited in the world. Including the antenna as high as 24 m (79 ft), this structure has a height 325 m (1063 ft) since 2000, the same as conventional building storey 81.

When the tower was completed in 1889, it became the tallest structure in the world, who retained the title until 1930 when the Chrysler Building in New York City (319 m - 1047 feet) is finished. The tower is now the fifth-tallest in France and the highest in Paris, with the second highest structure of the Tour Montparnasse (210 m - 689 ft), although it will be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m - 738.36 ft).

The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7300 tons while the entire structure including non-metal components weighing 10,000 tons. Depending on temperature, away from the sun spire to 18 cm (7 inches) due to expansion of iron on the part facing the sun. The tower is also swinging 6-7 cm (2-3 inches) in a windy atmosphere.

As a demonstration of the economy of the building, when the 7300 ton steel structure melted, it will meet the 125 square meters with a depth of 6 cm (2:36 inches), the mean density of 7.8 tonnes of iron per cubic meter. The tower has a mass less than the mass of air in the cylinder with the same dimensions, and 88.3 324 meters radius. Weight tower 10,100 tons when compared with 10,265 tons of air.

First and second levels are accessible by stairs and elevator. A ticket booth at the south tower to sell tickets to the stairs which begin at that location. On the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs open to all people who go up and down depending on if they had bought tickets or tickets elevator stairs. The number of steps 9 to the ticket counter at the bottom, 328 to the first level, 340 to the second level and 18 on the platform elevator at the second level.

When out of the elevator on the third level there are 15 stairs up to the upper observation platform. The number of rungs gradually written on the side of the stairs to give an indication of the ascent. Most of the ascent provides a view directly beneath and around the tower although an array of short stairs closed.

Treatment consists of procurement tower 50 to 60 tons of paint every seven years to keep it from rusting. To maintain the appearance of the visitor below, three different colors used on the tower, with a dark color on the bottom and the lighter color on top. Paint color changed; the tower is painted brownish-gray. At the first level there is an interactive console that tells the color on the next painting. The architect of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.


This structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance to Exposition, World's Fair that celebrated the French Revolution a century. Actually planning to build the Eiffel tower in Barcelona, ​​for the Universal Exhibition of 1888, but the responsible parties at the town hall Barcelonamenganggapnya strange and expensive, and does not fit with the city.

After the rejection of Plan of Barcelona, ​​Eiffel send the draft to the party responsible for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where he built the tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated 31 Maret1889, and opened on May 6.

Three hundred workers joined together 18,083 of iron unders (a pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million of nails, in the form of structural by Maurice Koechlin. The risk of accident is very great, for scrapers langitmodern unusual tower is open without the middle level except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took care, including the use of moving pulley block, auxiliary rails and screens, only one person who died.

The tower is getting criticism from the public when it was built, calling it disturbing eyes. Daily newspapers are filled with letters of criticism from the art community in Paris. One of them included in the publication of the U.S. Government Publishing Office of William Watson of the Paris Universal Exhibition of Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Arsitektur1892.

"And for twenty years we have seen, extends to the entire city, still lived by those geniuses for centuries, we see a stretch like a black shadow of the black columns are built of sheet iron spikes." The signing of this letter includes Messonier, Gounod, Garnier, Gerome, Bougeureau, and Dumas.

The author of the novel [Guy de Maupassant] - who hate the tower - the Tower restaurant lunch every day. When asked why, he replied that it was the only place in Paris where we can not see the Tower. Today, still regarded as the art of striking buildings.

One of the film cliché Hollywoodmenampilkan view from a Parisian window always showed tower. In fact, since the height restriction of buildings in Paris to 7 level, only a few tall buildings that have a clear view of the tower.

Eiffel tower standing licensed for 20 years, which means it must be dismantled in 1909, when ownership transferred to the City of Paris. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that easily demolished) but after this tower proved extremely profitable in terms of communication, the tower was left standing after the permit expires. The military uses it to arrange a taxi Paris on the front lines during the Battle of the Marne First, and a monument to the victory of the battle.


Forms tower

When the tower was built many people were surprised by its defiant. Eiffel was criticized for the design and forced to try to design something artsy, artsy or not from the side view, with no desire to build. Eiffel and his engineers, known as a builder of bridges, understand the importance of wind power and know that they will build the tallest structure in the world they should mencocokannya the wind.

In an interview reported by the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:

Now for what I give the main reason for its design? The tower is wind resistant. All right! I certify that the curvature of the four outer sides of the tower, as the mathematical calculation (...) will give a nice view of the strength and beauty, and give the impression to anyone who saw the sophistication of the overall design.

Shape of the tower previously been expressed by a mathematical calculation windproof. Some theoretical calculations have been planned for years, most recently the different integral equation nonlineardidasarkan in balancing wind pressure from any side of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that time. The shape is exponential. Plot dangerous in the arch of the tower, featuring two different exponents, the bottom has a strong defense against the wind.

Installation

Since the beginning of the 20th century, this tower has been used for radio transmission. Until the 1950s, a collection of cable tower extending from the meeting until the end of the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They are connected with long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909, a permanent underground radio center was built near the south pillar and still exists today.

November 20, 1913, Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, sends the signal wirelessly to the Observation Center for the United States Navy who use an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. Object transmission to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, DC

The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first level (95 m, 311 feet above sea level), and Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second level, with a special elevator. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In January 2007, a chef with many Michelin star Alain Ducasse was brought into the Tower to run Jules Verne.

Observation deck on top, with a height of 275 meters, is the highest area of ​​architectural structures in the European Union which opened to the public.

Passenger lifts from ground level to the first level operated by the towing cable and run by a big piston-powered water. When climbing the arch, ride the elevator cabin a bit, but with a surprise rise every few seconds, to keep the level of alignment. Construction elevator is shown and opened to the public in a museum in one of the four pillars of the tower.


Gustave Eiffel tower was perpetuated in seventy-two names of scientists, engineers and other famous people of France. The names were removed at the beginning of the 20th century but the original is returned in 1986-1987 by Société Nouvelle d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.

Image copyright claim

Figure tower has long been public domain, but, in 2003 SNTE (Société nouvelle d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel) installed a new lighting on the tower. This effect is aimed at making the other night picture of the tower and the appearance of illumination under copyright.

Granting copyright is controversial. Director of Documentation for SNTE, Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, "It is only intended to maintain the commercial use of images, so it is not used in ways that we do not approve of." But, also may have the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night is spread also spread the image that does not aim for profit and semi-commercial to the tower.

In the latest decision, the Court of Cassation stated that copyright can not be claimed against the image that includes copyrighted building if the photograph covers a larger area. This indicates that SNTE can not claim copyright on photographs of Paris that includes the appearance of the tower.

In some jurisdictions, this copyright claim is not allowed. In Ireland ciptaRepublik rights law, the work "permanently committed in public places or places open to the public" can be freely included in visual reproduction.


source : indotoplist.com

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